MATHHX B
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3.2 Grafer for lineære funktioner
Grafen for en lineær funktion kan tegnes på samme måde som grafen for enhver anden funktion, nemlig ved at lave et sildeben.
Øvelse 3.2.1
Lad \(f(x)=-2x+3\).
3.2.1
-
a)
Betydning af \(a\) og \(b\)
I forskriften \(f(x)=ax+b\) har \(a\) og \(b\) følgende betydning:
Tallet \(b\) viser, hvor grafen skærer \(y\)-aksen.
Tallet \(a\) viser, hvor meget grafen stiger, når man går \(1\) til højre. Hvis \(a\) er negativ, falder grafen i stedet.
Her er betydningen af \(a\) og \(b\) vist på en tegning:
Nu, hvor vi kender betydningen af \(a\) og \(b\), kan vi tegne grafen på en hurtigere måde:
-
Eksempel 3.2.1
Lad os tegne grafen for \(f(x)=-2x+3\). Vi kan se, at \(b=3\), så funktionen skærer y-aksen i \(3\):
Da \(a=-2\), skal vi gå \(1\) ud og \(2\) ned for at finde det næste punkt på grafen.
Sådan fortsætter vi:
og vi kan forbinde punkterne med en linje:
Øvelse 3.2.2
Tegn med papir og blyant graferne for nedenstående funktioner vha. den netop beskrevne metode.
-
a) \(f(x)=0{,}5x+2\)
-
b) \(f(x)=x+1\)
-
c) \(f(x)=-2x+1\)
-
d) \(f(x)=5\)
-
e) \(f(x)=0\)
Øvelse 3.2.3
Betragt graferne:
Bestem forskriften for følgende funktioner:
-
a) Funktionen \(f\).
-
b) Funktionen \(g\).
-
c) Funktionen\(h\).
-
d) Funktionen \(i\).
3.2.3
-
a) \(f(x)=0{,}5x-1\)
-
b) \(g(x)=-x+1\)
-
c) \(h(x)=-1\)
-
d) \(i(x)=x\)
Øvelse 3.2.4 (svær)
Lad \(f(x)=ax+b\) være en lineær funktion uden begrænsninger.
-
a) Bestem \(\Dm (f)\).
-
b) Bestem \(\Vm (f)\), hvis \(a\neq 0\) (tegnet ”\(\neq \)” betyder ”ikke lig med’).
-
c) Bestem \(\Vm (f)\), hvis \(a=0\).
-
d) Forklar, hvordan monotoniforholdene afhænger af \(a\).
-
e) Forklar, hvordan antallet af ekstrema afhænger af \(a\).
-
f) Forklar, hvordan antallet af nulpunkter afhænger af \(a\) og \(b\)
3.2.4
-
a) \(\Dm (f)=\mathbb {R}\)
-
b) \(\Vm (f)=\mathbb {R}\)
-
c) \(\Vm (f)=\{b\}\)
-
d) Hvis \(a<\) er \(f\) aftagende, hvis \(a=0\) er \(f\) konstant og hvis \(a>0\) er \(f\) voksende.
-
e) Hvis \(a=0\) har \(f\) uendelig mange ekstrema. Hvis \(a\neq 0\) har \(f\) ingen ekstrema.
-
f) Hvis \(a=0\) og \(b=0\), så er alle \(x\)-værdier nulpunkter. Hvis \(a=0\) og \(b\neq 0\), har \(f\) ingen nulpunkter. Hvis \(a\neq 0\) har \(f\) et
nulpunkt.
Forskrift ud fra to punkter på grafen
Det er klart, at hvis man har to forskellige punkter, så findes der netop én linje igennem punkterne. Kender man koordinaterne til de to punkter, kan man bestemme forskriften for linjen. Dette gøres ved at bruge to formler.
Formlerne præsenteres her i form af en sætning. En sætning er et matematisk resultat, som er særligt nyttigt.
-
Sætning 3.2.1
Lad \(f(x)=ax+b\) være en lineær funktion og antag, at \(f\) går igennem punkterne \(P(x_0,y_0)\) og
\(Q(x_1,y_1)\):
Da er \(a\) og \(b\) givet ved:
\[a=\frac {y_1-y_0}{x_1-x_0}\qquad \textrm { og }\qquad b=y_0-ax_0\]
I sætningen optræder der \(x_0\), \(y_0\), \(x_1\) og \(y_1\). De små tal skrevet med sænket skrift betyder, at der er tale om nogle faste \(x\) og \(y\)-værdier. Tallene har ikke nogen betydning udover, at de bruges til at skelne
de forskellige værdier. Så \(x_0\) (læses ”x nul”) er bare førstekoordinaten til det første punkt, mens \(x_1\) (læses ”x et”) er førstekoordinaten til det andet punkt osv.
-
Eksempel 3.2.2
Vi vil bestemme forskriften for linjen gennem punkterne \(P(1,2)\) og \(Q(4,14)\).
Sammenligner vi med sætning 3.2.1, får vi, at
\(x_0=1\)
\(y_0=2\)
\(x_1=4\)
\(y_1=14\)
Vi regner først \(a\):
\(\seteqnumber{0}{3.}{0}\)
\begin{align*}
a & = \frac {y_1-y_0}{x_1-x_0} && (\text {formlen for $a$ skrives op})\\[10pt] & =\frac {14-2}{4-1} && (\text {værdierne for } x_0,\ x_1,\ y_0 \text { og } y_1 \text {
indsættes})\\[5pt] & =4
\end{align*}
og med den \(a\)-værdi i baglommen, kan vi regne \(b\):
\(\seteqnumber{0}{3.}{0}\)
\begin{align*}
b & = y_0-ax_0 && (\text {formlen for $b$ skrives op})\\ & =2-4\cdot 1 && (\text {værdierne for } x_0,\ y_0 \text { og } a \text { indsættes})\\ & =-2
\end{align*}
Vi sætter de fundne \(a\)- og \(b\)-værdier ind i formlen \(f(x)=ax+b\):
\(\seteqnumber{0}{3.}{0}\)
\begin{align*}
f(x) & = ax+b\\ & = 4x+(-2) \\& = 4x-2
\end{align*}
Forskriften er altså \(f(x)=4x-2\).
Øvelse 3.2.5
Bestem vha. sætning 3.2.1 den lineær funktion, som går gennem punkterne:
-
a) \(P(2,5)\) og \(Q(4,11)\).
-
b) \(R(5,-3)\) og \(S(12,-10)\).
3.2.5
-
a) \(f(x)=3x-1\)
-
b) \(f(x)=-x+2\)
Øvelse 3.2.6
Et sildeben for en lineær funktion \(f\) er givet ved:
\(\begin {array}{ | c | c | c | c | c |c |} \hline x & 4 & 8 \\ \hline f(x) & 130 & 70 \\ \hline \end {array}\)
-
a) Ud fra sildebenet kan vi se, at \(f\) går igennem to punkter. Hvilke?
-
b) Bestem en forskrift for \(f\).