MATHHX B
\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\)
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\(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\)
\(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\)
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\(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\)
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\(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\)
\(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\)
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\(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRabsorboption }[1][]{}\)
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\(\let \delcode \mathcode \)
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\(\def \O {\unicode {x00D8}}\)
\(\def \l {\unicode {x0142}}\)
\(\def \L {\unicode {x0141}}\)
\(\def \ss {\unicode {x00DF}}\)
\(\def \SS {\unicode {x1E9E}}\)
\(\def \dag {\unicode {x2020}}\)
\(\def \ddag {\unicode {x2021}}\)
\(\def \P {\unicode {x00B6}}\)
\(\def \copyright {\unicode {x00A9}}\)
\(\def \pounds {\unicode {x00A3}}\)
\(\let \LWRref \ref \)
\(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\)
\( \newcommand {\multicolumn }[3]{#3}\)
\(\require {textcomp}\)
\(\require {colortbl}\)
\(\let \LWRorigcolumncolor \columncolor \)
\(\renewcommand {\columncolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigcolumncolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\)
\(\let \LWRorigrowcolor \rowcolor \)
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\(\newcommand {\tothe }[1]{^{#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\raiseto }[2]{{#2}^{#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxEND }{}\)
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\(\newcommand {\ang }[2][]{\LWRsiunitxang #2;;;\LWRsiunitxEND }\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxENDTWO }{}\)
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\(\def \LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsub #1.#2.#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsubtwo #1,,\LWRsiunitxENDTWO \ifblank {#2}{}{{\LWRsiunitxdecimal }\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsubtwo
#2,,\LWRsiunitxENDTWO }}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal }[1]{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimalsub #1...\LWRsiunitxEND }\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxnumplus #1+#2+#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}}{\ifblank {#1}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode
{x02B}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxnumminus #1-#2-#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumplus #1+++\LWRsiunitxEND }{\ifblank {#1}{}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}}\unicode {x02212}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal
{#2}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }}\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxnumpmmacro #1\pm #2\pm #3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumminus #1---\LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x0B1}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal
{#2}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }}\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxnumpm #1+-#2+-#3\LWRsiunitxEND {\ifblank {#2}{\LWRsiunitxnumpmmacro #1\pm \pm \pm \LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\unicode {x0B1}\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal
{#2}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxnumscientific }[2]{\ifblank {#1}{}{\ifstrequal {#1}{-}{-}{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#1}\times }}10^{\LWRsiunitxprintdecimal {#2}}\LWRsiunitxdistribunit }\)
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#2eee\LWRsiunitxEND }{\LWRsiunitxnume #1eee\LWRsiunitxEND \times \LWRsiunitxnume #2eee\LWRsiunitxEND \times \LWRsiunitxnume #3eee\LWRsiunitxEND }}}\)
\(\newcommand {\num }[2][]{\LWRsiunitxnumx #2xxxxx\LWRsiunitxEND }\)
\(\newcommand {\si }[2][]{\mathrm {\gsubstitute {#2}{~}{\,}}}\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxSIopt #1[#2]#3{\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {\,\si {#3}}{#2}\num {#1}\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRsiunitxSI }[2]{\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {\,\si {#2}}\num {#1}\def \LWRsiunitxdistribunit {}}\)
\(\newcommand {\SI }[2][]{\ifnextchar [{\LWRsiunitxSIopt {#2}}{\LWRsiunitxSI {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\numlist }[2][]{\text {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\numrange }[3][]{\num {#2}\ \LWRsiunitxrangephrase \ \num {#3}}\)
\(\newcommand {\SIlist }[3][]{\text {#2}\,\si {#3}}\)
\(\newcommand {\SIrange }[4][]{\num {#2}\,#4\ \LWRsiunitxrangephrase \ \num {#3}\,#4}\)
\(\newcommand {\tablenum }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ampere }{\mathrm {A}}\)
\(\newcommand {\candela }{\mathrm {cd}}\)
\(\newcommand {\kelvin }{\mathrm {K}}\)
\(\newcommand {\kilogram }{\mathrm {kg}}\)
\(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mole }{\mathrm {mol}}\)
\(\newcommand {\second }{\mathrm {s}}\)
\(\newcommand {\becquerel }{\mathrm {Bq}}\)
\(\newcommand {\degreeCelsius }{\unicode {x2103}}\)
\(\newcommand {\coulomb }{\mathrm {C}}\)
\(\newcommand {\farad }{\mathrm {F}}\)
\(\newcommand {\gray }{\mathrm {Gy}}\)
\(\newcommand {\hertz }{\mathrm {Hz}}\)
\(\newcommand {\henry }{\mathrm {H}}\)
\(\newcommand {\joule }{\mathrm {J}}\)
\(\newcommand {\katal }{\mathrm {kat}}\)
\(\newcommand {\lumen }{\mathrm {lm}}\)
\(\newcommand {\lux }{\mathrm {lx}}\)
\(\newcommand {\newton }{\mathrm {N}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ohm }{\mathrm {\Omega }}\)
\(\newcommand {\pascal }{\mathrm {Pa}}\)
\(\newcommand {\radian }{\mathrm {rad}}\)
\(\newcommand {\siemens }{\mathrm {S}}\)
\(\newcommand {\sievert }{\mathrm {Sv}}\)
\(\newcommand {\steradian }{\mathrm {sr}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tesla }{\mathrm {T}}\)
\(\newcommand {\volt }{\mathrm {V}}\)
\(\newcommand {\watt }{\mathrm {W}}\)
\(\newcommand {\weber }{\mathrm {Wb}}\)
\(\newcommand {\day }{\mathrm {d}}\)
\(\newcommand {\degree }{\mathrm {^\circ }}\)
\(\newcommand {\hectare }{\mathrm {ha}}\)
\(\newcommand {\hour }{\mathrm {h}}\)
\(\newcommand {\litre }{\mathrm {l}}\)
\(\newcommand {\liter }{\mathrm {L}}\)
\(\newcommand {\arcminute }{^\prime }\)
\(\newcommand {\minute }{\mathrm {min}}\)
\(\newcommand {\arcsecond }{^{\prime \prime }}\)
\(\newcommand {\tonne }{\mathrm {t}}\)
\(\newcommand {\astronomicalunit }{au}\)
\(\newcommand {\atomicmassunit }{u}\)
\(\newcommand {\bohr }{\mathit {a}_0}\)
\(\newcommand {\clight }{\mathit {c}_0}\)
\(\newcommand {\dalton }{\mathrm {D}_\mathrm {a}}\)
\(\newcommand {\electronmass }{\mathit {m}_{\mathrm {e}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\electronvolt }{\mathrm {eV}}\)
\(\newcommand {\elementarycharge }{\mathit {e}}\)
\(\newcommand {\hartree }{\mathit {E}_{\mathrm {h}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\planckbar }{\mathit {\unicode {x210F}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\angstrom }{\mathrm {\unicode {x212B}}}\)
\(\let \LWRorigbar \bar \)
\(\newcommand {\barn }{\mathrm {b}}\)
\(\newcommand {\bel }{\mathrm {B}}\)
\(\newcommand {\decibel }{\mathrm {dB}}\)
\(\newcommand {\knot }{\mathrm {kn}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mmHg }{\mathrm {mmHg}}\)
\(\newcommand {\nauticalmile }{\mathrm {M}}\)
\(\newcommand {\neper }{\mathrm {Np}}\)
\(\newcommand {\yocto }{\mathrm {y}}\)
\(\newcommand {\zepto }{\mathrm {z}}\)
\(\newcommand {\atto }{\mathrm {a}}\)
\(\newcommand {\femto }{\mathrm {f}}\)
\(\newcommand {\pico }{\mathrm {p}}\)
\(\newcommand {\nano }{\mathrm {n}}\)
\(\newcommand {\micro }{\mathrm {\unicode {x00B5}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\milli }{\mathrm {m}}\)
\(\newcommand {\centi }{\mathrm {c}}\)
\(\newcommand {\deci }{\mathrm {d}}\)
\(\newcommand {\deca }{\mathrm {da}}\)
\(\newcommand {\hecto }{\mathrm {h}}\)
\(\newcommand {\kilo }{\mathrm {k}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mega }{\mathrm {M}}\)
\(\newcommand {\giga }{\mathrm {G}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tera }{\mathrm {T}}\)
\(\newcommand {\peta }{\mathrm {P}}\)
\(\newcommand {\exa }{\mathrm {E}}\)
\(\newcommand {\zetta }{\mathrm {Z}}\)
\(\newcommand {\yotta }{\mathrm {Y}}\)
\(\newcommand {\percent }{\mathrm {\%}}\)
\(\newcommand {\meter }{\mathrm {m}}\)
\(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\)
\(\newcommand {\gram }{\mathrm {g}}\)
\(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\of }[1]{_{\mathrm {#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\squared }{^2}\)
\(\newcommand {\square }[1]{\mathrm {#1}^2}\)
\(\newcommand {\cubed }{^3}\)
\(\newcommand {\cubic }[1]{\mathrm {#1}^3}\)
\(\newcommand {\per }{\,\mathrm {/}}\)
\(\newcommand {\celsius }{\unicode {x2103}}\)
\(\newcommand {\fg }{\femto \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\pg }{\pico \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\ng }{\nano \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\ug }{\micro \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\mg }{\milli \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\g }{\gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\)
\(\newcommand {\amu }{\mathrm {u}}\)
\(\newcommand {\nm }{\nano \metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\um }{\micro \metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\mm }{\milli \metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\cm }{\centi \metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\dm }{\deci \metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\m }{\metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\km }{\kilo \metre }\)
\(\newcommand {\as }{\atto \second }\)
\(\newcommand {\fs }{\femto \second }\)
\(\newcommand {\ps }{\pico \second }\)
\(\newcommand {\ns }{\nano \second }\)
\(\newcommand {\us }{\micro \second }\)
\(\newcommand {\ms }{\milli \second }\)
\(\newcommand {\s }{\second }\)
\(\newcommand {\fmol }{\femto \mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\pmol }{\pico \mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\nmol }{\nano \mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\umol }{\micro \mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\mmol }{\milli \mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\mol }{\mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\kmol }{\kilo \mol }\)
\(\newcommand {\pA }{\pico \ampere }\)
\(\newcommand {\nA }{\nano \ampere }\)
\(\newcommand {\uA }{\micro \ampere }\)
\(\newcommand {\mA }{\milli \ampere }\)
\(\newcommand {\A }{\ampere }\)
\(\newcommand {\kA }{\kilo \ampere }\)
\(\newcommand {\ul }{\micro \litre }\)
\(\newcommand {\ml }{\milli \litre }\)
\(\newcommand {\l }{\litre }\)
\(\newcommand {\hl }{\hecto \litre }\)
\(\newcommand {\uL }{\micro \liter }\)
\(\newcommand {\mL }{\milli \liter }\)
\(\newcommand {\L }{\liter }\)
\(\newcommand {\hL }{\hecto \liter }\)
\(\newcommand {\mHz }{\milli \hertz }\)
\(\newcommand {\Hz }{\hertz }\)
\(\newcommand {\kHz }{\kilo \hertz }\)
\(\newcommand {\MHz }{\mega \hertz }\)
\(\newcommand {\GHz }{\giga \hertz }\)
\(\newcommand {\THz }{\tera \hertz }\)
\(\newcommand {\mN }{\milli \newton }\)
\(\newcommand {\N }{\newton }\)
\(\newcommand {\kN }{\kilo \newton }\)
\(\newcommand {\MN }{\mega \newton }\)
\(\newcommand {\Pa }{\pascal }\)
\(\newcommand {\kPa }{\kilo \pascal }\)
\(\newcommand {\MPa }{\mega \pascal }\)
\(\newcommand {\GPa }{\giga \pascal }\)
\(\newcommand {\mohm }{\milli \ohm }\)
\(\newcommand {\kohm }{\kilo \ohm }\)
\(\newcommand {\Mohm }{\mega \ohm }\)
\(\newcommand {\pV }{\pico \volt }\)
\(\newcommand {\nV }{\nano \volt }\)
\(\newcommand {\uV }{\micro \volt }\)
\(\newcommand {\mV }{\milli \volt }\)
\(\newcommand {\V }{\volt }\)
\(\newcommand {\kV }{\kilo \volt }\)
\(\newcommand {\W }{\watt }\)
\(\newcommand {\uW }{\micro \watt }\)
\(\newcommand {\mW }{\milli \watt }\)
\(\newcommand {\kW }{\kilo \watt }\)
\(\newcommand {\MW }{\mega \watt }\)
\(\newcommand {\GW }{\giga \watt }\)
\(\newcommand {\J }{\joule }\)
\(\newcommand {\uJ }{\micro \joule }\)
\(\newcommand {\mJ }{\milli \joule }\)
\(\newcommand {\kJ }{\kilo \joule }\)
\(\newcommand {\eV }{\electronvolt }\)
\(\newcommand {\meV }{\milli \electronvolt }\)
\(\newcommand {\keV }{\kilo \electronvolt }\)
\(\newcommand {\MeV }{\mega \electronvolt }\)
\(\newcommand {\GeV }{\giga \electronvolt }\)
\(\newcommand {\TeV }{\tera \electronvolt }\)
\(\newcommand {\kWh }{\kilo \watt \hour }\)
\(\newcommand {\F }{\farad }\)
\(\newcommand {\fF }{\femto \farad }\)
\(\newcommand {\pF }{\pico \farad }\)
\(\newcommand {\K }{\mathrm {K}}\)
\(\newcommand {\dB }{\mathrm {dB}}\)
\(\newcommand {\kibi }{\mathrm {Ki}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mebi }{\mathrm {Mi}}\)
\(\newcommand {\gibi }{\mathrm {Gi}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tebi }{\mathrm {Ti}}\)
\(\newcommand {\pebi }{\mathrm {Pi}}\)
\(\newcommand {\exbi }{\mathrm {Ei}}\)
\(\newcommand {\zebi }{\mathrm {Zi}}\)
\(\newcommand {\yobi }{\mathrm {Yi}}\)
\(\let \unit \si \)
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\(\let \qtyrange \SIrange \)
\(\let \numproduct \num \)
\(\let \qtyproduct \SI \)
\(\let \complexnum \num \)
\(\newcommand {\complexqty }[3][]{(\complexnum {#2})\si {#3}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mleft }{\left }\)
\(\newcommand {\mright }{\right }\)
\(\newcommand {\mleftright }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\mleftrightrestore }{}\)
\(\require {gensymb}\)
\(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\let \Hat \hat \)
\(\let \Check \check \)
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\(\let \Acute \acute \)
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\(\let \Dot \dot \)
\(\let \Ddot \ddot \)
\(\let \Breve \breve \)
\(\let \Bar \bar \)
\(\let \Vec \vec \)
\(\require {cancel}\)
\(\newcommand {\Dm }{\operatorname {Dm}}\)
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\(\newcommand {\Var }{\operatorname {Var}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbset }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbsetforeverylayer }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbox }[2][]{\boxed {\text {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcboxfit }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcblower }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbline }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbtitle }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbsubtitle [2][]{\mathrm {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcboxmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbhighmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\toprule }[1][]{\hline }\)
\(\let \midrule \toprule \)
\(\let \bottomrule \toprule \)
\(\def \LWRbooktabscmidruleparen (#1)#2{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\cmidrule }[1][]{\ifnextchar (\LWRbooktabscmidruleparen \LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }\)
\(\newcommand {\morecmidrules }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\specialrule }[3]{\hline }\)
\(\newcommand {\addlinespace }[1][]{}\)
\(\def \LWRsiunitxrangephrase { \protect \mbox {to (numerical range)} }\)
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1.8 GeoGebra
Dette afsnit kan springes over, indtil du får brug for det.
GeoGebra er et gratis matematikprogram, der kan stort set alt, hvad vi har brug for på HHX. Generelt lærer man mere af at regne opgaver med papir og blyant end at regne dem i GeoGebra, så derfor vil vi primært regne opgaver i
hånden.
Man kan bruge GeoGebra online, men det forbudt. Du skal i stedet downloade det på din computer. Vi får brug for den version der hedder ”Classic 6” og den kan hentes her:
Mac: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/geogebra-math-apps/id1182481622
Windows: https://download.geogebra.org/package/win-autoupdate
Når du har downloadet GeoGebra skal du konfigurere det. Klik på hamburger-ikonet og klik ”Settings”:
Vælg ”Danish/Dansk” som sprog, 10 decimaler som afrunding og gem indstillingerne:
Øvelse 1.8.1
I denne øvelse skal du installere og konfigurere GeoGebra
Løsning 1.8.1
-
a) Godt klaret.
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b) Klap på skulderen.
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c) Flot.
Vi vil introducere de forskellige dele af GeoGebra i takt med, at vi får brug for dem.
Brug af GeoGebra som lommeregner
Man kan bruge GeoGebra som en almindelig lommeregner, man skal bare huske at kommatal skrives med punktum i stedet for komma.
Sådan skriver man de forskellige operationer ind i GeoGebra:
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Plus |
Minus |
Gange |
Dividere |
Opløfte |
Komma |
+ |
- |
* |
/ |
^ |
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Eksempel 1.8.1
Vi vil regne \(2{,}5^3+\frac {15}{3}\) i GeoGebra. Vi taster:
\[\verb |2.5^3+15/3|\]
og får:
Vi ser det giver \(20{,}625\)
Øvelse 1.8.2
Regn i GeoGebra
Løsning af ligninger og uligheder
Det er nemt at løse ligninger og uligheder i GeoGebra. Man bruger kommandoen:
\[\verb |Beregn(ligning)|\]
-
Eksempel 1.8.2
Vi vil løse ligningen \(2x+1=4\) Vi skriver:
Vi kan få løsningen som kommatal (efter vi har bestem den eksakt) ved at trykke på ”\(\approx \)”:
Vi får så
Altså er \(x=1{,}5\) løsning til ligningen.
Øvelse 1.8.3
Løs følgende ligninger og uligheder i GeoGebra
-
a) \(x^2-3x=7\)
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b) \(7(x-4)< 3x+1\)
Løsning 1.8.3
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a) Der er to løsninger: \(x=-1,54\) og \(x=4{,}54\).
-
b) \(x< 7{,25}\). Den giver \(x< \frac {29}{4}\) og så må man selv regne \(\frac {29}{4}\).
GeoGebra CAS
Vil man lave mere avanceret bogstavregning, skal man åbne et særligt vindue kaldet CAS. Man åbner CAS sådan her:
Vi kan bruge CAS til at reducere.
-
Eksempel 1.8.3
Vi vil reducere \(2a+0{,}5a+b\). Vi skriver det ind i CAS:
Det giver
Hvis vi ikke vil have brøker kan vi trykke ”\(\approx \)”. Husk altid at trykke på den knap når GeoGebra viser et stort og mærkeligt facit.
Vi konkluderer at
\[2a+0{,}5a+b=2{,}5a+b\]
Man kan også bruge GeoGebra til at isolere en størrelse i en ligning.
-
Eksempel 1.8.4
Vi vil isolere \(b\) i udtrykket \(2a+b^2=c\). Vi åbner CAS og skriver:
Læg mærke til at vi har skrev ”,b” efter \(2a+b^2=c\). Det betyder at det er \(b\) vi gerne vil finde. Det giver:
Vi ser at der er 2 muligheder for \(b\): \(b=\sqrt {-2a+c}\) og \(b=-\sqrt {-2a+c}\)
Specialtegn i GeoGebra
Står man og mangler et symbol, kan man finde det i GeoGebra-tastaturet. Er tastaturet ikke fremme kan du få det frem ved at klikke på et inputfelt, hvorefter du kan klikke nede i hjørnet:
Skal vi f.eks. løse uligheden \(5x\leq 7x-1\), får vi brug for symbolet ”\(\leq \)”. Det kan vi finde i GeoGebra tastaturet:
Øvelse 1.8.4
Find følgende symbolder i GeoGebra.
Løsning 1.8.4
-
a) ...
-
b) ...
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c) ...
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d) \(2{,}7182...\)
På Mac er der genveje for mange symboler. Du skal bruge højre option-knap.
. |
\(\leq \) |
\(\geq \) |
\(\sqrt {\quad }\) |
\(\infty \) |
OPTION + < |
OPTION + SHIFT + > |
OPTION + v |
OPTION + 5 |
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